Concept: Both/And Thinking
Theory
Maturity: Supported
The practice of holding two accounts of the same material open at once — a theory and what happened, an initial reading and a second one, one independent account and another — rather than resolving the divergence into a single version. Divergence and independent convergence are both treated as evidence.
Also known as: both/and, dual-account reasoning, holding the friction
Both/And Thinking runs in three directions against the same object: outward, between a theory and what happened; inward, between a primary account and the ordinary account that would explain the same result without it; and between, where one independently written account is held against another. In each direction the either/or failure is the same — picking a side to make the discomfort of the gap stop. The retail fulfillment case is an applied instance of the outward direction: the original review design predicted a stable queue, the queue did not stabilize, and the gap was followed rather than explained away.